Lenny R. Vartanian ¹, Marlene B. Schwartz ¹, Kelly D. Brownell ^1*

¹ Yale University

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kelly.brownell{at}yale.edu.

	Abstract

In a meta-analysis of 88 studies, we examined the association between soft drink consumption and nutrition and health outcomes. We found clear associations of soft drink intake with increased calorie intake and body weight. Soft drink intake was also associated with lower intakes of milk, calcium, and other nutrients and with an increased risk of several medical problems (e.g., diabetes). Study design significantly influenced results: larger effect sizes were observed in studies with stronger methods (longitudinal and experimental vs cross-sectional studies). Several other factors also moderated effect sizes (e.g., gender, age, beverage type). Finally, studies funded by the food industry reported significantly smaller effects than non-industry funded studies. Recommendations to reduce population soft drink consumption are strongly supported by the available science.

Key Words: Chronic Disease, Nutrition/Food, Obesity, Overweight, Underweight

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