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AJPH First Look, published online ahead of print Jul 27, 2006
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September 2006, Vol 96, No. 9 | American Journal of Public Health 1570-1571
© 2006 American Public Health Association
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072124

RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

The Power of Policy: A Case Study of Healthy Eating Among Children

Diana Cassady, DrPH, Rainbow Vogt, PhD, Debbie Oto-Kent, MPH, Ramona Mosley, MS and Richard Lincoln, BA

Diana Cassady is with the Center for Advanced Studies in Nutrition and Social Marketing, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis. Rainbow Vogt is a doctoral student in the Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis. Debbie Oto-Kent and Ramona Mosley are with the 5 a Day—Power Play! program, Health Education Council, West Sacramento, Calif. Richard Lincoln is with the START Program, City of Sacramento, Sacramento, Calif.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Diana Cassady, DrPH, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, PHS: Research and Outreach Programs, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (e-mail: dlcassady{at}ucdavis.edu).


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 References
 

We used a case study approach to examine the nutritional effect of a policy to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in the Students Today Achieving Results for Tomorrow after-school program. The snack menu was changed in 44 after-school programs serving 8000 low-income and ethnically diverse elementary-school students. A comparison of previous and current snack menus identified a significant increase in fruit servings (83%) and no change in vegetable servings. We discuss the unintended consequences resulting from the menu changes.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 References
 
Public health researchers have proposed policy changes to reduce the prevalence of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases.1,2 These policy proposals range from imposing a tax on high-fat foods to making fresh fruits and vegetables more available in schools and workplaces. However, few researchers have investigated the effect of actual policy changes on the diet of high-risk populations, such as low-income and ethnic minority children.3–6 We used a case study approach to examine a new organizational policy to increase fruit and vegetable servings during the snack period of the Students Today Achieving Results for Tomorrow (START) after-school program.

START serves approximately 8000 low-income and ethnically diverse children at 44 public elementary schools in the greater Sacramento, Calif, area. START is a free program offered only at public elementary schools where a high proportion of families qualify for free or reduced-price school meals. About 33% of START participants are African American, 26% are Hispanic, 25% are Asian American, 14% are White, and 2% are of other race/ethnicity.7 The city of Sacramento Parks and Recreation Department administers the program and trains and employs staff.

Since its inception in 1995, START has served reimbursable afternoon snacks for at-risk youths as part of the US Department of Agriculture’s Child and Adult Care Food Program. The Afterschool Snacks Program provides funding to after-school centers to purchase afternoon snacks for children who are from low-income families and, in order for the center to qualify for the program, requires that the snack foods being served meet certain nutritional requirements. The snacks being served must contain at least 2 different components from the following: (1) a dairy product, (2) a serving of meat or meat alternative, (3) a serving of vegetable(s) or fruit(s) or full-strength vegetable or fruit juice, and (4) a serving of whole grain or enriched bread or cereal.

In 2001, START administrators adopted the Children’s 5 a Day—Power Play! curriculum, which teaches children to eat at least 5 daily servings of fruits and vegetables.8 The following year, they changed their snack vendor and implemented a policy that increased the servings of fruits and vegetables on after-school program snack menus to be more consistent with the 5 a Day guidelines (Table 1Go).


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  		TABLE 1—— Previous and Current Sample Snack Menus
 

   METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 References
 
Our analysis included 17 snacks on the menu cycle for the period before the policy change and 15 snack items on the menu cycle after the policy change. Each menu cycle was repeated throughout the year; thus, these 32 snacks represent all of the snacks served during the 2-year study period. We used the Nutritionist V software program (First Data Bank, San Bruno, Calif) to estimate selected nutrient values; the values were then averaged for each week. We used SPSS Version 12.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill) to conduct a t test to detect nutrient differences between the 2 menus.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 References
 
The new snack menu included significantly more fruit compared with the previous menu (Table 2Go). The new menu provided more than half of the recommended 2 servings of fruit, whereas the previous menu had provided less than one third, on average. The increase in fruit consumption was in the form of both juice and fresh fruit. Juice was listed on the new menu on 9 of 15 days per snack cycle, and fresh fruit was listed 4 times. The previous menu had listed fruit juice 7 times and had never listed fresh fruit in a 17-day snack cycle.


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  		TABLE 2—— Changes in Average Daily Nutritional Characteristics of Snack Menus
 
Milk declined from 0.29 average daily servings to 0, resulting in changes in 3 nutrients (Table 2Go). The grams of saturated fat decreased by an average of 42%. Previous snacks contained up to 3.9 g of saturated fat, whereas the current snacks contained no more than 1.8 g on average. Milk and cheese had contributed most to the saturated fat from the previous menu. Also, because of the absence of dairy foods, the new snack menu items contained significantly less calcium and vitamin A. Food items from the previous menu had provided 10% of the recommended daily allowances for calcium and vitamin A. By contrast, food from the current menu provided between 2% and 3% of the recommended amounts. Changes in other nutrients, such as protein, riboflavin, or potassium, were not significant.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
References
 
START’s new snack menu better meets the 5 a Day guidelines by increasing servings of fruit by 83%. Our case study suggests that organizational policy change can be an effective means to meet nutritional guidelines, particularly in school settings.

An unintended consequence of the menu change was a decrease in calcium and vitamin A intake because of the absence of dairy products. Deficiencies in calcium, but not vitamin A, are an area of concern for children,9 and milk is a major source of calcium. However, many children in START already receive 2 daily servings of milk through school lunch and breakfast programs. These 2 servings of milk meet the recommended daily servings of dairy foods for children 8 years and younger and two thirds of the recommended daily servings of dairy for children 9 years and older.9

Snacks are an ideal time of day to add a serving of fruits or vegetables.10 START administrators are currently developing a plan to source fresh fruits and vegetables from local growers. Incorporating more fresh vegetables into the menus will further improve the nutrient profiles by increasing the amount of calcium and other essential nutrients.11–13


   Acknowledgments
 
This research was funded by the California Department of Health Services, Cancer Research Program (grant 0300170VRS-30047).

The authors are grateful to Ross Brownson, Lucia Kaiser, Jennifer Culp, and anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of this brief.

Human Participant Protection
No protocol approval was needed for this study because no human subjects were involved in this research.


   Footnotes
 
Peer Reviewed

Contributors
D. Cassady originated the main ideas for the brief and wrote the first draft. R. Vogt contributed to the first draft and conducted the statistical analysis. D. Oto-Kent, R. Mosley, and R. Lincoln were directly involved in the educational and policy change components of the project and made comments on the final draft.

Accepted for publication November 22, 2005.


   References
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 References
 
1. Glanz K, Lankenau B, Foerster S, Temple S, Mullis R, Schmid T. Environmental and policy approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention through nutrition: opportunities for state and local action. Health Educ Q. 1995;22:512–527.[Web of Science][Medline]

2. Nestle M, Jacobson MF. Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach. Public Health Rep. 2000;115:12–24.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

3. Brownson RC, Newschaffer CJ, Ali-Abarghoui F. Policy research for disease prevention: challenges and practical recommendations. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:735–739.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

4. Tugwell P, Bennett KJ, Sackett DL, Hayes RB. The measurement iterative loop: a framework for the critical appraisal of need, benefits and costs of health interventions. J Chron Dis. 1985;38:339–351.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

5. Shapiro S. Epidemiology and public policy. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:1057–1061.[Free Full Text]

6. Glasgow RE, Vogt TM, Boles SM. Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1322–1327.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

7. Minicucci Associates. Evaluation report for START 2000/2001. Available at: http://www.sacstart.org/pdf/2000-2001_eval.pdf. Accessed November 8, 2004.

8. Foerster SB, Kizer KW, Disogra LK, Bal DG, Krieg BF, Bunch KL. California’s "5 a day–for better health!" campaign: an innovative population-based effort to effect large-scale dietary change. Am J Prev Med. 1995;11:124–131.[Web of Science][Medline]

9. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services and US Dept of Agriculture; 2005.

10. MyPyramid for Kids a positive step, but more needed [press release]. Wilmington, Del: Produce for Better Health Foundation; September 28, 2005. Available at: http://www.5aday.com/html/press/pressrelease.php?recordid=150. Accessed June 16, 2006.

11. Dweyer JT, Loew FM. Nutritional risks of vegan diets to women and children: are they preventable? J Agric Environ Ethics. 1994;7:87–109.[CrossRef]

12. McGartland CP, Robson PJ, Murray LJ, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and bone mineral density: the Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1019–1023.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13. New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK, et al. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:142–151.[Abstract/Free Full Text]





This Article
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Right arrow Articles by Cassady, D.
Right arrow Articles by Lincoln, R.
Related Collections
Right arrow Health Policy
Right arrow Health Promotion
Right arrow School Health
Right arrow Nutrition/Food
Right arrow Other Child and Adolescent Health
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