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LETTER |
William J. McCarthy and Dipanwita B. Shah are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, University of California, Los Angeles. Hozefa A. Divan is with the Santa Clara County Public Health Department, San Jose, Calif.
Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to William J. McCarthy, PhD, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, UCLA School of Public Health, 650 Young Dr, Box 690015, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6900 (e-mail: wmccarth{at}ucla.edu).
We feel that Baluja and her coauthors1 missed an opportunity to address a paradox. Rates of smoking among male Chinese American youths are remarkably low,2 yet smoking rates among Chinese males living in China are said to exceed 60%.3 Baluja and associates reported the smoking prevalence rate for Chinese American immigrant males to be around 13%, which was well below the corresponding US male smoking prevalence rate of 24%.1 From these results, we infer that selection pressures involved in the immigration of Chinese to the United States favor Chinese who do not smoke. Indeed, immigrants generally exhibit healthier lifestyle practices and experience lower mortality rates than demographically similar US natives.4
We also feel that the authors could have been more proactive in warning readers about 2 additional limitations of their data. First, no questions were asked about tobacco products rarely used by Americans but commonly used overseas, such as bidis or paan. The low rates of smoking reported for US immigrants from India compared with US immigrants from other Asian countries might lead the naïve reader to assume that overall tobacco use among immigrant Indians was low. Such an inference may be incorrect. Recent worldwide comparisons suggested that Indian women had the highest world incidence of oral cancer, attributable to their habit of chewing betel nut mixed with tobacco.5 Babu estimated that 90% of oral cancers in India were tobacco-related.6 In fact, estimates for 20007 suggested that oral cancers were the most important cause of cancer death in Indian males and the no. 2 cause of non–reproductive organ cancer death in Indian females. Comparisons between countries in use of just 1 tobacco product may hence suggest misleadingly low rates of overall tobacco use for some countries and their emigrants.
A second additional limitation of the data was the implicit assumption that "country of origin" was a highly sensitive way to capture US immigrants of Asian national origin. In fact, US immigration quotas compelled many would-be immigrants to sojourn in Canada, Mexico, or Europe before migrating to the United States. Historic diasporas, such as the emigration of Indian nationals to British commonwealth countries, have also contributed to 2-step migrations to the United States. It is likely, then, that some US immigrants of Indian national origin were not counted in the results reported by Baluja and her associates because they listed a country other than India as their most recent country of origin.
Acknowledgments
All of the authors were supported by contract 02-25446 from the California Department of Health Services–Tobacco Control Section. William J. McCarthy was also supported by grant 10RT-0333 from the University of California Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program.
References
1. Baluja KF, Park J, Myers D. Inclusion of immigrant status in smoking prevalence statistics. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:642–646.
2. Chen XG, Unger JB, Cruz TB, Johnson CA. Smoking patterns of Asian-American youth in California and their relationship with acculturation. J Adolesc Health. 1999;24:321–328.[ISI][Medline]
3. Yang GH, Fan LX, Tan J, et al. Smoking in China: findings of the 1996 National Prevalence Survey. JAMA. 1999;282:1247–1253.
4. Singh GK, Siahpush M. Ethnic-immigrant differentials in health behaviors, morbidity, and cause-specific mortality in the United States: an analysis of two national data bases. Hum Biol. 2002;74:83–109.[ISI][Medline]
5. Franceschi S, Bidoli E, Herrero R, Munoz N . Comparison of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx worldwide: etiological clues. Oral Oncol. 2000;36:106–115.[ISI][Medline]
6. Babu KG. Oral cancers in India. Semin Oncol. 2001;28:169–173.[Medline]
7. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, Version 1.0. Lyon, France: IARCPress; 2001. Limited version available at: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/globocan/globocan.htm. Accessed April 17, 2003.
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