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AJPH First Look, published online ahead of print May 30, 2006
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The Widening Gap in Mortality by Educational Level in the Russian Federation, 1980–2001

Michael Murphy, MPhil, Martin Bobak, PhD, Amanda Nicholson, PhD, Richard Rose, DPhil and Michael Marmot, PhD

Michael Murphy is with the Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England. Martin Bobak, Amanda Nicholson, and Michael Marmot are with the International Centre for Health and Society, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, England. Richard Rose is with the Centre for the Study of Public Policy, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1—— Life expectancy at birth among Russian men and women, 1980–2001.

Note. The figure shows official values (circles), the smoothed official trend (dashed line), and the trend estimated from our data (solid line), with values calculated from 95% confidence intervals of estimated mortality rates (dotted lines).

 

Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2—— Smoothed trends in life expectancy at age 20 by educational level among Russian men and women.

Note. The figure shows values for educational levels: elementary (open circles), intermediate (triangles), and university (filled circles).

 

Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3—— Smoothed trends in the probability of surviving between age 20 and 65 by education in Russian men.

Note. The figure shows values for educational levels: elementary (open circles), intermediate (triangles), and university (filled circles), together with 95% confidence intervals (dotted lines).

 

Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4—— Smoothed trends in the probability of surviving between age 20 and 65 by education in Russian women.

Note. The figure shows values for educational levels: elementary (open circles), intermediate (triangles), and university (filled circles), together with 95% confidence intervals (dotted lines).

 




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