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AJPH First Look, published online ahead of print Oct 3, 2006
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Population-Level Changes in Folate Intake by Age, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity after Folic Acid Fortification

Tanya G.K. Bentley, PhD, Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH, Milton C. Weinstein, PhD and Karen M. Kuntz, ScD

Tanya G. K. Bentley is with the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Walter C. Willett is with the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, and the Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. Milton C. Weinstein and Karen M. Kuntz are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1—— Daily total folate intake distributions, pre- and postfortification, for non-Hispanic White men (a), non-Hispanic White women (b), non-Hispanic Black men (c), non-Hispanic Black women (d), Mexican American men (e), and Mexican American women (f), corrected for measurement error. Includes folate consumption from all food and supplement sources, with food data adjusted for measurement error. Points represent midpoints of categories, and plots are smoothed between points. Upper endpoint of 1600 µg/day represents all intake more than 1500 µg/day.

 

Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2—— Total folate intake medians, pre- and postfortification, for men (a) and women (b) aged {ddagger}15 years. Medians are presented by cohort and race/ethnicity, and includes folate consumption from all food and supplement sources. The effect of fortification was found to be highly significant (P < .001), after control for age, age-squared, gender, and race/ ethnicity. The effect of age varied significantly by race/ethnicity and gender, and the effect of gender varied significantly by race/ethnicity.

 

Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3—— Percentage of population taking supplements that contain folic acid, pre- and postfortification, among men (a) and women (b). The change after fortification was significant and dependent on age (P< .001) and race (P< .05), after control for age, age-squared, gender, race/ethnicity, and the interaction between gender and race/ethnicity.

 




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