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AJPH First Look, published online ahead of print Oct 27, 2005
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The Changing Fate of Pneumonia as a Public Health Concern in 20th-Century America and Beyond

Scott H. Podolsky, MD

The author is with Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.



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  		FIGURE 1— Despite the ascent of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer to become the nation’s leading causes of death by the late 1930s, pneumonia remained the leading infectious cause of death in the nation. Illustration from 1940 US Public Health Service brochure.

 


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  		FIGURE 2— Pneumonia was explicitly reformulated as an "emergency" in the 1930s, as pressing as appendicitis, to which it was often compared. Illustration from 1940 US Public Health Service brochure.

 


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  		FIGURE 3— Given the logistics of serotherapy, the treatment of the individual patient was transformed into a "community" responsibility. Illustration from 1940 US Public Health Service brochure.

 


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  		FIGURE 4— In an era of intense resistance to encroachment by the American Medical Association on the private practitioner’s domain, the US Public Health Service attempted to portray its role as one of friendly guide, rather than usurper of practice. Illustration from 1940 US Public Health Service brochure.

 




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