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Ulf Högberg, MD, PhD

The author is with Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   FIGURE 1— Percentage of parturients in Sweden delivered by traditional birth attendants, licensed midwives, and in lying-in hospitals during the years 1861 through 1895.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   FIGURE 2— Midwifery service in rural areas in Sweden and maternal mortality (septic deaths excluded) for the years 1861 through 1894.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   FIGURE 3— Observed number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births and prevented number of maternal deaths by medical technology, midwifery service, and antiseptic technique in Sweden during the years 1861 through 1900 (5-year mean).