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Said A. Ibrahim, MD, MPH, Stephen B. Thomas, PhD and Michael J. Fine, MD, MSc

The authors are with the VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Pittsburgh, PA. Said A. Ibrahim is also with the Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health. Stephen B. Thomas is also with the Center for Minority Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health. Michael J. Fine is also with the Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh, and the Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Said A. Ibrahim, MD, MPH, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Dr C, 11-East (130 A-U), Pittsburgh, PA 15240 (e-mail: said.ibrahim2@med.va.gov).

	Because this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	INTRODUCTION

 
Racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care have been well documented in a broad range of medical conditions and health care services in numerous settings.^1–6 These disparities are not trivial. For example, African Americans suffer shorter life expectancy and higher rates of cancer, stroke, heart disease, HIV, and mental illness than do Whites.⁷ American Indians and Alaskan Natives also experience shorter life expectancy than that of Whites.⁸ Puerto Ricans, a subset of Hispanic ethnicity, have a significantly higher infant mortality rate than do Whites.⁹ Racial and ethnic disparities also exist in the utilization of specialist care, preventive services, . . . [Full Text]

	HISTORY OF INEQUALITIES

 

	ACCESS TO CARE

 

	EVOLVING RESEARCH ON HEALTH DISPARITIES

 

	CLOSING THE GAP

 

	ONE STEP CLOSER

 

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