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William H. Helfand, Jan Lazarus and Paul Theerman

William H. Helfand is a consultant based in New York, NY. Jan Lazarus and Paul Theerman are with the History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Paul Theerman, Head, Non-Book Collections, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 (e-mail: paul_theerman@nlm.nih.gov).

	INTRODUCTION

 
THE EXPLOITATION OF CHILD labor, a practice still evident in this country and common in many parts of the world, was once rampant in the United States. As captured in this photograph by John Spargo (1876– 1966), published in his The Bitter Cry of the Children (New York: Macmillan Co; 1906), children—who should have been in bed resting before the next day at school—often toiled through the night. The 1870 US census recorded 750 000 workers younger than 15 years, not counting farm workers. Children on family farms were routinely expected to work long and exhausting hours.

Socialists, labor leaders, . . . [Full Text]

	Footnotes