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Stephen E. Gilman, ScD, Joshua Breslau, PhD, ScD, S.V. Subramanian, PhD, Brian Hitsman, PhD and Karestan C. Koenen, PhD

Stephen E. Gilman and Karestan C. Koenen are with the Department of Society, Human Development, and Health and the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. Karestan C. Koenen is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston. Joshua Breslau is with the Center for Reducing Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento. S. V. Subramanian is with the Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health. Brian Hitsman is with the Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, the Miriam Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, RI.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Stephen E. Gilman, ScD, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: sgilman{at}hsph.harvard.edu).

We investigated the relative importance of sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders for smoking among 453 pregnant women in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Women with less than a high school education and those with current-year nicotine dependence had the highest risk of smoking (90.5%), compared with women with a college degree and without nicotine dependence (3.9%). More effective and accessible interventions for nicotine dependence among pregnant smokers are needed.

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