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RESEARCH AND PRACTICE |
Amy J. Schulz and Barbara A. Israel are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education at the University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor. At the time the research was conducted, Clarence C. Gravlee and Graciela Mentz were with the University of Michigan School of Public Health. David R. Williams is with the Department of Sociology and Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. Zachary Rowe is with Friends of Parkside, Detroit, Mich.
Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Amy J. Schulz, 5134 SPH II, 1420 Washington Heights, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 (e-mail: ajschulz{at}umich.edu).
Objectives. Our understanding of the relationships between perceived discrimination and health was limited by the cross-sectional design of most previous studies. We examined the longitudinal association of self-reported everyday discrimination with depressive symptoms and self-rated general health.
Methods. Data came from 2 waves (1996 and 2001) of the Eastside Village Health Worker Partnership survey, a community-based participatory survey of African American women living on Detroit’s east side (n=343). We use longitudinal models to test the hypothesis that a change in everyday discrimination over time is associated with a change in self-reported symptoms of depression (positive) and on self-reported general health status (negative).
Results. We found that a change over time in discrimination was significantly associated with a change over time in depressive symptoms (positive) (b=0.125; P<.001) and self-rated general health (negative) (b=–0.163; P<.05) independent of age, education, or income.
Conclusions. The results reported here are consistent with the hypothesis that everyday encounters with discrimination are causally associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. In this sample of African American women, this association holds above and beyond the effects of income and education.
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