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Gary W. Evans, PhD and Lyscha A. Marcynyszyn, MA

Gary Evans and Lyscha Marcynyszyn are with the Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Gary Evans is also with the Department of Design and Environmental Analysis.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Gary Evans, PhD, Department of Design and Environmental Analysis and Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853–4401 (e-mail: gwe1{at}cornell.edu).

Objectives. We documented inequitable, cumulative environmental risk exposure and health between predominantly White low-income and middle-income children residing in rural areas in upstate New York.

Methods. Cross-sectional data for 216 third- through fifth-grade children included overnight urinary neuroendocrine levels, noise levels, residential crowding (people/room), and housing quality.

Results. After control for income, maternal education, family structure, age, and gender, cumulative environmental risk exposure (0–3) (risk >1 SD above the mean for each singular risk factor [0, 1]) was substantially greater for low-income children. Cumulative environmental risk was positively correlated with elevated overnight epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol in the low-income sample but not in the middle-income sample.

Conclusions. Cumulative environmental risk exposure among low-income families may contribute to bad health, beginning in early childhood.

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