AJPH
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Jones, C. P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Jones, C. P.
Related Collections
Right arrow Health Promotion
Right arrow Other Health Service Delivery
Right arrow Other Race/Ethnicity
Right arrow Socioeconomic Factors

American Journal of Public Health, Vol 90, Issue 8 1212-1215, Copyright © 2000 by American Public Health Association

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale

CP Jones
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.

The author presents a theoretic framework for understanding racism on 3 levels: institutionalized, personally mediated, and internalized. This framework is useful for raising new hypotheses about the basis of race-associated differences in health outcomes, as well as for designing effective interventions to eliminate those differences. She then presents an allegory about a gardener with 2 flower boxes, rich and poor soil, and red and pink flowers. This allegory illustrates the relationship between the 3 levels of racism and may guide our thinking about how to intervene to mitigate the impacts of racism on health. It may also serve as a tool for starting a national conversation on racism.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
D. R. Williams, H. W. Neighbors, and J. S. Jackson
Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies
Am J Public Health, September 1, 2008; 98(Supplement_1): S29 - S37.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
D. R. Williams
Racial/Ethnic Variations in Women's Health: The Social Embeddedness of Health
Am J Public Health, September 1, 2008; 98(Supplement_1): S38 - S47.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
D. K. Miller, F. D. Wolinsky, E. M. Andresen, T. K. Malmstrom, and J. P. Miller
Adverse Outcomes and Correlates of Change in the Short Physical Performance Battery Over 36 Months in the African American Health Project
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2008; 63(5): 487 - 494.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
D. R. Brown, A. Hernandez, G. Saint-Jean, S. Evans, I. Tafari, L. G. Brewster, M. J. Celestin, C. Gomez-Estefan, F. Regalado, S. Akal, et al.
A Participatory Action Research Pilot Study of Urban Health Disparities Using Rapid Assessment Response and Evaluation
Am J Public Health, January 1, 2008; 98(1): 28 - 38.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
L. B. Signorello, D. G. Schlundt, S. S. Cohen, M. D. Steinwandel, M. S. Buchowski, J. K. McLaughlin, M. K. Hargreaves, and W. J. Blot
Comparing Diabetes Prevalence Between African Americans and Whites of Similar Socioeconomic Status
Am J Public Health, December 1, 2007; 97(12): 2260 - 2267.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Med Care Res RevHome page
M. H. Chin, A. E. Walters, S. C. Cook, and E. S. Huang
Interventions to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
Med Care Res Rev, October 1, 2007; 64(5_suppl): 7S - 28S.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Med Care Res RevHome page
T. L. Fisher, D. L. Burnet, E. S. Huang, M. H. Chin, and K. A. Cagney
Cultural Leverage: Interventions Using Culture to Narrow Racial Disparities in Health Care
Med Care Res Rev, October 1, 2007; 64(5_suppl): 243S - 282S.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Acad Orthop SurgHome page
R. O. Pierce Jr
Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-up Care
J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg., September 1, 2007; 15(suppl_1): S8 - S12.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
G. C. Gee, J. Delva, and D. T. Takeuchi
Relationships Between Self-Reported Unfair Treatment and Prescription Medication Use, Illicit Drug Use, and Alcohol Dependence Among Filipino Americans
Am J Public Health, May 1, 2007; 97(5): 933 - 940.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Transcult NursHome page
N. L. R. Anderson, E. R. Calvillo, and M. N. Fongwa
Community-Based Approaches to Strengthen Cultural Competency in Nursing Education and Practice
J Transcult Nurs, January 1, 2007; 18(1_suppl): 49S - 59S.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Med Care Res RevHome page
J. Wang, J. M. Noel, I. H. Zuckerman, N. A. Miller, F. T. Shaya, and C. D. Mullins
Disparities in Access to Essential New Prescription Drugs between Non-Hispanic Whites, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanic Whites.
Med Care Res Rev, December 1, 2006; 63(6): 742 - 763.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Violence Against WomenHome page
E. Waltermaurer, C.-A. Watson, and L.-A. McNutt
Black Women's Health: The Effect of Perceived Racism and Intimate Partner Violence.
Violence Against Women, December 1, 2006; 12(12): 1214 - 1222.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
G. C. Gee, A. Ryan, D. J. Laflamme, and J. Holt
Self-Reported Discrimination and Mental Health Status Among African Descendants, Mexican Americans, and Other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 Initiative: The Added Dimension of Immigration
Am J Public Health, October 1, 2006; 96(10): 1821 - 1828.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 International Journal of Social PsychiatryHome page
S. Kumar, S. Tse, A. Fernando, and S. Wong
Epidemiological studies on mental health needs of Asian population in New Zealand.
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, September 1, 2006; 52(5): 408 - 412.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Health Educ BehavHome page
D. M. Griffith, E. Moy, T. M. Reischl, and E. Dayton
National data for monitoring and evaluating racial and ethnic health inequities: where do we go from here?
Health Educ Behav, August 1, 2006; 33(4): 470 - 487.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Health Educ BehavHome page
C. O. Airhihenbuwa and L. Liburd
Eliminating health disparities in the african american population: the interface of culture, gender, and power.
Health Educ Behav, August 1, 2006; 33(4): 488 - 501.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Health Promot PractHome page
N. B. Wallerstein and B. Duran
Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Address Health Disparities
Health Promot Pract, July 1, 2006; 7(3): 312 - 323.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Health Promot PractHome page
S. Selig, E. Tropiano, and E. Greene-Moton
Teaching Cultural Competence to Reduce Health Disparities
Health Promot Pract, July 1, 2006; 7(3_suppl): 247S - 255S.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Men and MasculinitiesHome page
M. O. Royster, A. Richmond, E. Eng, and L. Margolis
Hey Brother, How's Your Health?: A Focus Group Analysis of the Health and Health-Related Concerns of African American Men in a Southern City in the United States
Men and Masculinities, April 1, 2006; 8(4): 389 - 404.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
G. C. Gee, J. Chen, M. S. Spencer, S. See, O. A. Kuester, D. Tran, and D. Takeuchi
Social Support as a Buffer for Perceived Unfair Treatment Among Filipino Americans: Differences Between San Francisco and Honolulu
Am J Public Health, April 1, 2006; 96(4): 677 - 684.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Health PsycholHome page
R. Nairn, F. Pega, T. McCreanor, J. Rankine, and A. Barnes
Media, Racism and Public Health Psychology
J Health Psychol, March 1, 2006; 11(2): 183 - 196.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
E. M. Andresen and D. K. Miller
The Future (History) of Socioeconomic Measurement and Implications for Improving Health Outcomes Among African Americans
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., October 1, 2005; 60(10): 1345 - 1350.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
G. A. Mensah
Eliminating Disparities in Cardiovascular Health: Six Strategic Imperatives and a Framework for Action
Circulation, March 15, 2005; 111(10): 1332 - 1336.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Health Aff (Millwood)Home page
I. Kawachi, N. Daniels, and D. E. Robinson
Health Disparities By Race And Class: Why Both Matter
Health Aff., March 1, 2005; 24(2): 343 - 352.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
J. W. Collins Jr, R. J. David, A. Handler, S. Wall, and S. Andes
Very Low Birthweight in African American Infants: The Role of Maternal Exposure to Interpersonal Racial Discrimination
Am J Public Health, December 1, 2004; 94(12): 2132 - 2138.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
R. D. Comstock, E. M. Castillo, and S. P. Lindsay
Four-Year Review of the Use of Race and Ethnicity in Epidemiologic and Public Health Research
Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2004; 159(6): 611 - 619.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Health Educ BehavHome page
R. Goldman, M. K. Hunt, J. D. Allen, S. Hauser, K. Emmons, M. Maeda, and G. Sorensen
The Life History Interview Method: Applications to Intervention Development
Health Educ Behav, October 1, 2003; 30(5): 564 - 581.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
C. Walsh and L. F. Ross
Are Minority Children Under- or Overrepresented in Pediatric Research?
Pediatrics, October 1, 2003; 112(4): 890 - 895.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Transcult NursHome page
B. V. Marin
HIV Prevention in the Hispanic Community: Sex, Culture, and Empowerment
J Transcult Nurs, July 1, 2003; 14(3): 186 - 192.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
J. B. Kaplan and T. Bennett
Use of Race and Ethnicity in Biomedical Publication
JAMA, May 28, 2003; 289(20): 2709 - 2716.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
M. M. Metzler, D. L. Higgins, C. G. Beeker, N. Freudenberg, P. M. Lantz, K. D. Senturia, A. A. Eisinger, E. A. Viruell-Fuentes, B. Gheisar, A.-G. Palermo, et al.
Addressing Urban Health in Detroit, New York City, and Seattle Through Community-Based Participatory Research Partnerships
Am J Public Health, May 1, 2003; 93(5): 803 - 811.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
D. Prothrow-Stith, B. Gibbs, and A. Allen
Reducing Health Disparities: From Theory to Practice
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2003; 12(3): 256S - 260.
[Full Text]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
D. R. Williams, H. W. Neighbors, and J. S. Jackson
Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies
Am J Public Health, February 1, 2003; 93(2): 200 - 208.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
D. R. Williams
Racial/Ethnic Variations in Women's Health: The Social Embeddedness of Health
Am J Public Health, April 1, 2002; 92(4): 588 - 597.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Rehabil Couns BullHome page
M. F. Olney and J. Kennedy
Racial Disparities in VR Use and Job Placement Rates for Adults with Disabilities
Rehabil Couns Bull, April 1, 2002; 45(3): 177 - 185.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
B. B. Worrall, K. C. Johnston, G. Kongable, E. Hung, D. Richardson, and P. B. Gorelick
Stroke Risk Factor Profiles in African American Women: An Interim Report From the African-American Antiplatelet Stroke Prevention Study
Stroke, April 1, 2002; 33(4): 913 - 919.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
Policy Statements Adopted by the Governing Council of the American Public Health Association, October 24, 2001
Am J Public Health, March 1, 2002; 92(3): 451 - 483.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Journal of Black PsychologyHome page
T. L. Bowen-Reid and J. P. Harrell
Racist Experiences and Health Outcomes: An Examination of Spirituality as a Buffer
Journal of Black Psychology, February 1, 2002; 28(1): 18 - 36.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
J. W. Collins Jr., S.-Y. Wu, and R. J. David
Differing Intergenerational Birth Weights among the Descendants of US-born and Foreign-born Whites and African Americans in Illinois
Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2002; 155(3): 210 - 216.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
C. P. Jones
Invited Commentary: "Race," Racism, and the Practice of Epidemiology
Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2001; 154(4): 299 - 304.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
L. Shi and B. Starfield
The Effect of Primary Care Physician Supply and Income Inequality on Mortality Among Blacks and Whites in US Metropolitan Areas
Am J Public Health, August 1, 2001; 91(8): 1246 - 1250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright © 2000 by the American Public Health Association