AJPH
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 89, Issue 3 322-329, Copyright © 1999 by American Public Health Association

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Jacobs, D R
Right arrow Articles by Folsom, A R
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Jacobs, D R, Jr
Right arrow Articles by Folsom, A R
Is whole grain intake associated with reduced total and cause-specific death rates in older women? The Iowa Women's Health Study.

D R Jacobs, Jr, K A Meyer, L H Kushi and A R Folsom

Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA. jacobs@epivax.epi.umn.edu

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether nutrient-rich whole grains reduce mortality risk. METHODS: The study included 38,740 Iowa women, aged 55 to 69 years. A food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain data on grain intake. RESULTS: Median whole grain intake quintiles ranged from a median of 0.2 to more than 3 servings per day. Women with higher intakes had healthier lifestyles and less baseline disease. The total death rate decreased in increasing quintiles, and the pattern repeated for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other causes combined. Adjusted for lifestyle and baseline disease, the relative hazard rate ratio for total death was about 0.85 in daily consumers of whole grain. Findings persisted in strata of baseline healthy and diseased and were not explained by dietary fiber. Rates of total mortality, but not cardiovascular disease mortality, were higher among frequent consumers of refined grain. CONCLUSIONS: Total mortality risk was inversely associated with whole grain intake and positively associated with refined grain intake. Refined grains contributed more than 20% of energy intake, and whole grains contributed 1%. Substitution of whole for refined grain may reduce chronic disease risk in the United States.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINEHome page
D. A. Timm and J. L. Slavin
Dietary Fiber and the Relationship to Chronic Diseases
American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 233 - 240.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
L. Wang, J M. Gaziano, S. Liu, J. E Manson, J. E Buring, and H. D Sesso
Whole- and refined-grain intakes and the risk of hypertension in women
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2007; 86(2): 472 - 479.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
D. R Jacobs Jr, L. F. Andersen, and R. Blomhoff
Whole-grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of noncardiovascular, noncancer death attributed to inflammatory diseases in the Iowa Women's Health Study
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2007; 85(6): 1606 - 1614.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Tobacco ControlHome page
L H G Swartz, J W Noell, S W Schroeder, and D V Ary
A randomised control study of a fully automated internet based smoking cessation programme
Tob. Control, February 1, 2006; 15(1): 7 - 12.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
L. M Steffen, C. H Kroenke, X. Yu, M. A Pereira, M. L Slattery, L. Van Horn, M. D Gross, and D. R Jacobs Jr
Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2005; 82(6): 1169 - 1177.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
L. E. Kelemen, L. H. Kushi, D. R. Jacobs Jr., and J. R. Cerhan
Associations of Dietary Protein with Disease and Mortality in a Prospective Study of Postmenopausal Women
Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2005; 161(3): 239 - 249.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
M. K Jensen, P. Koh-Banerjee, F. B Hu, M. Franz, L. Sampson, M. Gronbaek, and E. B Rimm
Intakes of whole grains, bran, and germ and the risk of coronary heart disease in men
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1492 - 1499.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
L. S Gross, L. Li, E. S Ford, and S. Liu
Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2004; 79(5): 774 - 779.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
L. M Steffen, D. R Jacobs Jr, J. Stevens, E. Shahar, T. Carithers, and A. R Folsom
Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 383 - 390.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
D. R Jacobs Jr and L. M Steffen
Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns as exposures in research: a framework for food synergy
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 508S - 513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
L. M. Steffen, D. R. Jacobs Jr., M. A. Murtaugh, A. Moran, J. Steinberger, C.-P. Hong, and A. R. Sinaiko
Whole Grain Intake Is Associated with Lower Body Mass and Greater Insulin Sensitivity among Adolescents
Am. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2003; 158(3): 243 - 250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
S. Liu, H. D Sesso, J. E Manson, W. C Willett, and J. E Buring
Is intake of breakfast cereals related to total and cause-specific mortality in men?
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2003; 77(3): 594 - 599.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
N. M McKeown, J. B Meigs, S. Liu, P. W. Wilson, and P. F Jacques
Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2002; 76(2): 390 - 398.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
M. A Pereira, D. R Jacobs Jr, J. J Pins, S. K Raatz, M. D Gross, J. L Slavin, and E. R Seaquist
Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2002; 75(5): 848 - 855.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
D. B. Pawlak, J. M. Bryson, G. S. Denyer, and J. C. Brand-Miller
High Glycemic Index Starch Promotes Hypersecretion of Insulin and Higher Body Fat in Rats without Affecting Insulin Sensitivity
J. Nutr., January 1, 2001; 131(1): 99 - 104.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
D. R Jacobs Jr and M. A Murtaugh
It's more than an apple a day: an appropriately processed, plant-centered dietary pattern may be good for your health
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2000; 72(4): 899 - 900.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
J. W. Anderson, E. C. Konz, and D. J. A. Jenkins
Health Advantages and Disadvantages of Weight-Reducing Diets: A Computer Analysis and Critical Review
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2000; 19(5): 578 - 590.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Intern MedHome page
A. R. Folsom, L. H. Kushi, K. E. Anderson, P. J. Mink, J. E. Olson, C.-P. Hong, T. A. Sellers, D. Lazovich, and R. J. Prineas
Associations of General and Abdominal Obesity With Multiple Health Outcomes in Older Women: The Iowa Women's Health Study
Arch Intern Med, July 24, 2000; 160(14): 2117 - 2128.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
L. Marquart, D. R. Jacobs Jr, and J. L. Slavin
Whole Grains and Health: An Overview
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(90003): 289S - 290.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
J. W. Anderson, T. J. Hanna, X. Peng, and R. J. Kryscio
Whole Grain Foods and Heart Disease Risk
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(90003): 291S - 299.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
H. E. Miller, F. Rigelhof, L. Marquart, A. Prakash, and M. Kanter
Antioxidant Content of Whole Grain Breakfast Cereals, Fruits and Vegetables
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(90003): 312S - 319.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
D. R. Jacobs Jr, M. A. Pereira, K. A. Meyer, and L. H. Kushi
Fiber from Whole Grains, but not Refined Grains, Is Inversely Associated with All-Cause Mortality in Older Women: The Iowa Women's Health Study
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(90003): 326S - 330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
L. E. Cleveland, A. J. Moshfegh, A. M. Albertson, and J. D. Goldman
Dietary Intake of Whole Grains
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(90003): 331S - 338.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
D. S. Ludwig, M. A. Pereira, C. H. Kroenke, J. E. Hilner, L. Van Horn, M. L. Slattery, and D. R. Jacobs Jr
Dietary Fiber, Weight Gain, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Young Adults
JAMA, October 27, 1999; 282(16): 1539 - 1546.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Evid. Based Nurs.Home page
Other Articles Noted
Evid. Based Nurs., October 1, 1999; 2(4): 105 - 112.
[Full Text]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright © 1999 by the American Public Health Association