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Violence during pregnancy: measurement issues.

T J Ballard, L E Saltzman, J A Gazmararian, A M Spitz, S Lazorick and J S Marks

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA.

OBJECTIVES: Standardized quantitative methods are needed to study occurrence and timing of violence in relation to pregnancy and to study the context in which pregnancy-related violence occurs. METHODS: Data from three published studies of prevalence of violence during pregnancy are used to illustrate ways to measure the association of violence in relation to pregnancy. RESULTS: Four patterns of violence in relation to pregnancy are identified, and related research issues are discussed. Also, 2 population-based surveys that address the suggestions presented here are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Better measurement of the association between violence and pregnancy will facilitate development of data-based prevention and intervention programs.

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Abuse during pregnancy: progress, policy, and potential.

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