HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Related articles in AJPH Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Bucher, H C Articles by Ragland, D R Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Bucher, H C Articles by Ragland, D R

Socioeconomic indicators and mortality from coronary heart disease and cancer: a 22-year follow-up of middle-aged men.

H C Bucher and D R Ragland

School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, USA.

OBJECTIVES: Data from the Western Collaborative Group Study were used to determine the extent to which the inverse association between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality can be explained by risk factors for major causes of mortality. METHODS: The relation of education and income to subsequent mortality was studied in 3154 employed, middle-aged men over 22 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Over the follow-up period, 584 (18.5%) men died, 214 (6.8%) from coronary heart disease and 70 (2.2%) from lung cancer. A significant inverse association with systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking was found only for education. For education, adjustment for risk factors reduced the relative risk for coronary heart disease mortality from 1.80 (95% confidence interval = 1.33, 2.44) to 1.54 (1.13, 2.09), for lung cancer mortality from 1.60 (0.95, 2.70) to 1.38 (0.81, 2.34), and for all-cause mortality from 1.49 (1.09, 1.13) to 1.33 (1.12, 1.60). For income, adjustment for risk factors did not change relative risk for mortality from coronary heart disease (1.27 [0.97, 1.66]) and all causes (1.21 [1.03, 1.43]), but it did increase the relative risk for lung cancer mortality from 1.68 (1.05, 2.68) to 1.83 (1.13, 2.96). CONCLUSIONS: In middle-aged, employed men, the association between SES and mortality is partially but not completely accounted for by major risk factors for mortality.

Related articles in AJPH:

The use of existing databases in morbidity and mortality studies.

L H Kuller
AJPH 1995 85: 1198-1200. [PDF]  

This article has been cited by other articles:

				T. S. Campbell, B. L. Key, A. D. Ireland, S. L. Bacon, and B. Ditto Early Socioeconomic Status is Associated With Adult Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping Psychosom Med, April 1, 2008; 70(3): 276 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S-S. Lee, S. Singh, L. Magder, and M. Petri Predictors of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, February 1, 2008; 17(2): 114 - 123. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. S. Reddy, D. Prabhakaran, P. Jeemon, K. R. Thankappan, P. Joshi, V. Chaturvedi, L. Ramakrishnan, and F. Ahmed Educational status and cardiovascular risk profile in Indians PNAS, October 9, 2007; 104(41): 16263 - 16268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. R. Jonassaint, S. H. Boyle, R. B. Williams, D. B. Mark, I. C. Siegler, and J. C. Barefoot Facets of Openness Predict Mortality in Patients With Cardiac Disease Psychosom Med, May 1, 2007; 69(4): 319 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S Anand, F. Razak, A. Davis, R. Jacobs, V. Vuksan, K. Teo, and S. Yusuf Social disadvantage and cardiovascular disease: development of an index and analysis of age, sex, and ethnicity effects Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2006; 35(5): 1239 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Ohlander, M. Vikstrom, M. Lindstrom, and K. Sundquist Neighbourhood non-employment and daily smoking: a population-based study of women and men in Sweden Eur J Public Health, February 1, 2006; 16(1): 78 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Sundquist, S.-E. Johansson, J. Qvist, and J. Sundquist Does occupational social class predict coronary heart disease after retirement? A 12-year follow-up study in Sweden Scand J Public Health, December 1, 2005; 33(6): 447 - 454. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. L. Szanton, J. M. Gill, and J. K. Allen Allostatic Load: A Mechanism of Socioeconomic Health Disparities? Biol Res Nurs, July 1, 2005; 7(1): 7 - 15. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Ferrie, P Martikainen, M. Shipley, and M. Marmot Self-reported economic difficulties and coronary events in men: evidence from the Whitehall II study Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2005; 34(3): 640 - 648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. X. Zhang, S. C. Ho, and J. Woo Assessing Mental Health and Its Association With Income and Resource Utilization in Old-Old Chinese in Hong Kong Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, March 1, 2005; 13(3): 236 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Huxley, C. G. Owen, P. H. Whincup, D. G. Cook, S. Colman, and R. Collins Birth Weight and Subsequent Cholesterol Levels: Exploration of the "Fetal Origins" Hypothesis JAMA, December 8, 2004; 292(22): 2755 - 2764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Blakely, I. Kawachi, J. Atkinson, and J. Fawcett Income and mortality: the shape of the association and confounding New Zealand Census-Mortality Study, 1981-1999 Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2004; 33(4): 874 - 883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Steenland, S. Hu, and J. Walker All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality by Socioeconomic Status Among Employed Persons in 27 US States, 1984-1997 Am J Public Health, June 1, 2004; 94(6): 1037 - 1042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Sundquist, M. Winkleby, H. Ahlen, and S.-E. Johansson Neighborhood Socioeconomic Environment and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease: A Follow-up Study of 25,319 Women and Men in Sweden Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2004; 159(7): 655 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K Sundquist, M Malmstrom, and S-E Johansson Neighbourhood deprivation and incidence of coronary heart disease: a multilevel study of 2.6 million women and men in Sweden J. Epidemiol. Community Health, January 1, 2004; 58(1): 71 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Steenland, J. Henley, and M. Thun All-Cause and Cause-specific Death Rates by Educational Status for Two Million People in Two American Cancer Society Cohorts, 1959-1996 Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2002; 156(1): 11 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Bassuk, L. F. Berkman, and B. C. Amick III Socioeconomic Status and Mortality among the Elderly: Findings from Four US Communities Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2002; 155(6): 520 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T Takano and K Nakamura An analysis of health levels and various indicators of urban environments for Healthy Cities projects J. Epidemiol. Community Health, April 1, 2001; 55(4): 263 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L Hart, D. J Hole, C. R Gillis, G. D. Smith, G. C. Watt, and V. M Hawthorne Social class differences in lung cancer mortality: risk factor explanations using two Scottish cohort studies Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2001; 30(2): 268 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M Bartley, R Fitzpatrick, D Firth, and M Marmot Social distribution of cardiovascular disease risk factors: change among men in England 1984-1993 J. Epidemiol. Community Health, November 1, 2000; 54(11): 806 - 814. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				V. Benetou, Y. Chloptsios, X. Zavitsanos, D. Karalis, A. Naska, and A. Trichopoulou Total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in relation to socioeconomic status in a sample of 11,645 Greek adults: the EPIC study in Greece Scand J Public Health, October 1, 2000; 28(4): 260 - 265. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Lindstrom, B. S Hanson, E. Brunner, E. Wirfalt, S. Elmstahl, I. Mattisson, and P.-O. Ostergren Socioeconomic differences in fat intake in a middle-aged population: report from the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2000; 29(3): 438 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. W. Hwang Mortality Among Men Using Homeless Shelters in Toronto, Ontario JAMA, April 26, 2000; 283(16): 2152 - 2157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. H. YEN and N. MOSS Unbundling Education: A Critical Discussion of What Education Confers and How It Lowers Risk for Disease and Death Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., January 1, 1999; 896(1): 350 - 351. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. S. Gartside, P. Wang, and C. J. Glueck Prospective Assessment of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS) 16-Year Follow-up J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 1998; 17(3): 263 - 269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]