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Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital defects.

A D McDonald, B G Armstrong and M Sloan

School of Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

We analyzed data from a survey of occupational and other factors and pregnancy outcome to assess the effects of cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption. There was no evidence of an association between any congenital defect and smoking. Results for alcohol and coffee consumption were largely negative, but there was a weak association with musculoskeletal defects in babies born to women who drank one or more alcoholic drinks a day.

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