HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Ershow, A G Articles by Cantor, K P Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Ershow, A G Articles by Cantor, K P

Intake of tapwater and total water by pregnant and lactating women.

A G Ershow, L M Brown and K P Cantor

Lipid Metabolism-Atherogenesis Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.

BACKGROUND. Despite theoretically higher requirements for water due to physiologic demands of pregnancy and lactation, little is known of actual ranges of intake in pregnant and lactating women. METHODS. Population-based estimates of total water and tapwater intake in women of reproductive age were derived using data from the 1977-78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Three-day average intakes were calculated for 188 pregnant women, 77 lactating women, and 6,201 non-pregnant, non-lactating control women. RESULTS. Total water intake (mean +/- SD) was 1,940 +/- 686 g/day (median 1,835) for control women, 2,076 +/- 743 g/day (median 1,928) for pregnant women and 2,242 +/- 658 g/day (median 2,164) for lactating women. Tapwater intake was 1,157 +/- 635 g/day (median 1,065) for control women, 1,189 +/- 699 g/day (median 1,063) for pregnant women, and 1,310 +/- 591 g/day (median 1,330) for lactating women. Total water intake was equal to or greater than 3,000 g/day among 7 percent of control women, 11 percent of pregnant women, and 13 percent of lactating women. Tapwater intake was equal to or greater than 2,000 g/day among 10 percent of control women, 15 percent of pregnant women, and 8 percent of lactating women. CONCLUSIONS. These results should be useful in estimating amounts of nutrients and toxic substances that women of reproductive age obtain through the water supply.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. A Mueller, S. S. Nielsen, S. Preston-Martin, E. A Holly, S. Cordier, G. Filippini, R. Peris-Bonet, and N. Choi Household water source and the risk of childhood brain tumours: results of the SEARCH International Brain Tumor Study Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2004; 33(6): 1209 - 1216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Croen, K. Todoroff, and G. M. Shaw Maternal Exposure to Nitrate from Drinking Water and Diet and Risk for Neural Tube Defects Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2001; 153(4): 325 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J Nieuwenhuijsen, M. B Toledano, N. E Eaton, J. Fawell, and P. Elliott Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review Occup. Environ. Med., February 1, 2000; 57(2): 73 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]