HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Fattal, B Articles by Shuval, H I Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Fattal, B Articles by Shuval, H I

Health risks associated with wastewater irrigation: an epidemiological study.

B Fattal, Y Wax, M Davies and H I Shuval

An analysis of morbidity was made in 11 kibbutzim (cooperative agricultural settlements), with a total population of 3,040, that had switched from nonwastewater to wastewater sprinkler irrigation or vice versa. Generally, partially treated stabilization pond effluent of poor microbial quality was used for irrigation. Vegetables or salad crops were not irrigated with effluent. The results showed that a seasonal, twofold, excess risk of "enteric" disease was found in the 0 to 4 year-old age group during the summer irrigation months in those years in which wastewater was used for irrigation, compared with the parallel summer months of nonwastewater irrigation years in the same kibbutz. On the year round rates basis, little or no excess enteric disease was found in wastewater irrigating communities.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				P. M. Fedorak and R. E. Rogers Assessment of the Potential Health Risks Associated With the Dissemination of Micro-Organisms From a Landfill Site Waste Management Research, January 1, 1991; 9(1): 537 - 563. [Abstract] [PDF]