HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gerba, C P Articles by Bodgan, G F Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gerba, C P Articles by Bodgan, G F

Failure of indicator bacteria to reflect the occurrence of enteroviruses in marine waters.

C P Gerba, S M Goyal, R L LaBelle, I Cech and G F Bodgan

The results of several studies conducted along the upper Texas Gulf coast, where a substantial amount of quantitative virological data were collected, are compared to bacteriological indicators and other environmental factors on a statistical basis. Variables common to all these studies were anlayzed by multivariate regression. Although multivariate analysis indicated that the number of viruses detected in water was related to rainfall, salinity, and total coliforms in the water, the amount of variation in the number of viruses accounted for by these factors was not large enough to make them good predictors. Enteroviruses were detected 43 per cent of the time in recreational waters considered acceptable as judged by coliform standards, and 44 per cent of the time when judged by fecal coliform standards. Enteroviruses were detected 35 per cent of the time in waters which met acceptable standards for shellfish-harvesting. Our failure to correlate the occurrence of enteroviruses in marine waters with indicator bacteria, and the frequent occurrence of enteroviruses in water which met current bacteriological standards, indicates that these standards do not reflect the occurrence of enteroviruses, and perhaps other human pathogenic viruses, in marine waters.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. A. Rodriguez, P. M. Gundy, and C. P. Gerba Comparison of BGM and PLC/PRC/5 Cell Lines for Total Culturable Viral Assay of Treated Sewage Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2008; 74(9): 2583 - 2587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Hundesa, C. Maluquer de Motes, S. Bofill-Mas, N. Albinana-Gimenez, and R. Girones Identification of Human and Animal Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses for Determination of Sources of Fecal Contamination in the Environment Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2006; 72(12): 7886 - 7893. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Moce-Llivina, F. Lucena, and J. Jofre Enteroviruses and Bacteriophages in Bathing Waters Appl. Envir. Microbiol., November 1, 2005; 71(11): 6838 - 6844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T.-T. Fong, D. W. Griffin, and E. K. Lipp Molecular Assays for Targeting Human and Bovine Enteric Viruses in Coastal Waters and Their Application for Library-Independent Source Tracking Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 1, 2005; 71(4): 2070 - 2078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Borchardt, N. L. Haas, and R. J. Hunt Vulnerability of Drinking-Water Wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to Enteric-Virus Contamination from Surface Water Contributions Appl. Envir. Microbiol., October 1, 2004; 70(10): 5937 - 5946. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Formiga-Cruz, A. K. Allard, A.-C. Conden-Hansson, K. Henshilwood, B. E. Hernroth, J. Jofre, D. N. Lees, F. Lucena, M. Papapetropoulou, R. E. Rangdale, et al. Evaluation of Potential Indicators of Viral Contamination in Shellfish and Their Applicability to Diverse Geographical Areas Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2003; 69(3): 1556 - 1563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Borchardt, P. D. Bertz, S. K. Spencer, and D. A. Battigelli Incidence of Enteric Viruses in Groundwater from Household Wells in Wisconsin Appl. Envir. Microbiol., February 1, 2003; 69(2): 1172 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. W. Griffin, K. A. Donaldson, J. H. Paul, and J. B. Rose Pathogenic Human Viruses in Coastal Waters Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2003; 16(1): 129 - 143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M. Scott, J. B. Rose, T. M. Jenkins, S. R. Farrah, and J. Lukasik Microbial Source Tracking: Current Methodology and Future Directions Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2002; 68(12): 5796 - 5803. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Formiga-Cruz, G. Tofino-Quesada, S. Bofill-Mas, D. N. Lees, K. Henshilwood, A. K. Allard, A.-C. Conden-Hansson, B. E. Hernroth, A. Vantarakis, A. Tsibouxi, et al. Distribution of Human Virus Contamination in Shellfish from Different Growing Areas in Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2002; 68(12): 5990 - 5998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. W. Huang, D. Laborde, V. R. Land, D. O. Matson, A. W. Smith, and X. Jiang Concentration and Detection of Caliciviruses in Water Samples by Reverse Transcription-PCR Appl. Envir. Microbiol., October 1, 2000; 66(10): 4383 - 4388. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				V. J. Harwood, J. Butler, D. Parrish, and V. Wagner Isolation of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from the Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin centrata) Appl. Envir. Microbiol., February 1, 1999; 65(2): 865 - 867. [Abstract] [Full Text]