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FIGURE 1—— High-level societal health outcomes and inputs.

Note. QALY = quality-adjusted life-years; ???|=|inputs that are not yet defined. General desired societal health outcomes are identified (see text for details). Inputs to perinatal health include, but are not limited to, healthy in utero development and a healthy birthweight. Stippled shading indicates the highest-level health outcome (increase in Health QALY). Shaded boxes (nodes) indicate inputs. Heavy boxes indicate outcomes. Some boxes are both inputs and outcomes.